Imbali yeemagnethi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisisigxina zeenjini

Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo (iimagnethi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezisisigxina) ziziqalelo ezili-17 zetsimbi embindini wetheyibhile yeperiodic (amanani eatom 21, 39, kunye no-57-71) ezinezixhobo ezingaqhelekanga zefluorescent, conductive, kunye nemagnethi ezenza zingahambelani neentsimbi eziqhelekileyo njengeIron) iluncedo kakhulu xa i-alloyed okanye ixutywe ngamanani amancinci. Xa sithetha ngokwejoloji, izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo azinqabile. Iidiphozithi zezi zinyithi zifumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, kwaye ezinye iielementi zikhona ngomlinganiselo ofanayo nowobhedu okanye itoti. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba azizange zifumaneke kwiindawo eziphezulu kakhulu kwaye zihlala zixutywa enye kwenye okanye kunye nezinto ezine-radioactive ezifana ne-uranium. Iimpawu zeekhemikhali zezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zenza kube nzima ukwahlula kwizinto ezijikelezileyo, kwaye ezi zakhiwo nazo zenza Zinzima ukuzihlambulula. Iindlela zangoku zemveliso zifuna izixa ezikhulu zentsimbi ekrwada kwaye zivelise izixa ezikhulu zenkunkuma enobungozi ukukhupha kuphela izixa ezincinci zesinyithi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, kunye nenkunkuma evela kwiindlela zokusetyenzwa ezibandakanya amanzi e-radioactive, i-fluorine eyityhefu kunye neeasidi.

Obona magnethi bamandulo bafunyanwayo yayiziminerali ezibonelela ngemagnethi ezinzileyo. De kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, iimagnethi zaziethe-ethe, zingazinzanga, yaye zenziwe ngentsimbi yekhabhoni. Ngomnyaka we-1917, iJapan yafumanisa intsimbi yemagnethi ye-cobalt, eyenza uphuculo. Ukusebenza kweemagnethi ezisisigxina kuye kwaqhubeka nokuphucula ukususela ekufumaneni kwabo. Kwi-Alnicos (i-Al/Ni/Co alloys) ngeminyaka yee-1930, le nguquko yabonakaliswa kwelona nani liphezulu lemveliso yamandla eyandisiweyo (BH) max, eyaphucula kakhulu umgangatho wemagnethi esisigxina, kunye nomthamo onikiweyo wemagnethi, Ubuninzi bamandla obuphezulu bunokuGuqulwa kumandla anokusetyenziswa koomatshini abasebenzisa iimagnethi.

Imagnethi yokuqala yeferrite yafunyanwa ngengozi ngo-1950 kwilebhu yefiziksi yePhilips Industrial Research eNetherlands. Umncedisi wayidibanisa ngempazamo - bekufanele ukuba alungiselele enye isampula yokufunda njengesixhobo se-semiconductor. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba ngokwenene yayiyimagnethi, ngoko ke yadluliselwa kwiqela lophando lamagnetic. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kakuhle njengemagnethi kunye neendleko eziphantsi zemveliso. Ngaloo ndlela, yayiyimveliso ephuhliswe nguPhilips ephawula ukuqala kokunyuka ngokukhawuleza kokusetyenziswa kweemagnethi ezisisigxina.

Ngeminyaka yee-1960, iimagnethi zomhlaba zokuqala ezinqabileyo(iimagnethi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezisisigxina)zenziwe kwi-alloys ye-lanthanide element, yttrium. Zezona magnethi zomeleleyo ezisisigxina ezinemagnetization ephezulu yokugcwala kunye nokumelana kakuhle ne-demagnetization. Nangona zibiza kakhulu, ziethe-ethe kwaye zingasebenzi kakuhle kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ziyaqala ukongamela imarike njengoko izicelo zazo zisiya zisebenza ngakumbi. Ubunini beekhompyuter zabo buxhaphake kakhulu ngeminyaka yoo-1980, nto leyo ethetha imfuno ephezulu yeemagnethi ezisisigxina kwiihard drives.

Iialloys ezinje ngesamarium-cobalt zaphuhliswa phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1960 kunye nesizukulwana sokuqala sesinyithi senguqu kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo, kwaye ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970, ixabiso le-cobalt lenyuka kakhulu ngenxa yokubonelela okungazinzanga eCongo. Ngelo xesha, imagnethi esisigxina ye-samarium-cobalt (BH) max yayiyeyona iphakamileyo kwaye uluntu lophando kwafuneka lutshintshe ezi magnethi. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, kwi-1984, ukuphuhliswa kweemagnethi ezisisigxina ezisekelwe kwi-Nd-Fe-B kuqala kwacetywa nguSagawa et al. Ukusebenzisa itekhnoloji yomgubo wesinyithi kwi-Sumitomo Special Metals, kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokunyibilika kwe-Metal Motors. Njengoko kubonisiwe kulo mzobo ungezantsi, (BH) max iye yaphucuka ngaphezu kwenkulungwane, ukuqala ≈1 MGOe intsimbi kunye nokufikelela malunga 56 MGOe for NdFeB umazibuthe kule minyaka idlulileyo 20.

Ukuzinza kwiinkqubo zoshishino kutshanje kuye kwaba yinto ephambili, kwaye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, eziye zaqatshelwa ngamazwe njengezinto eziphambili zezinto ezibonakalayo ngenxa yomngcipheko ophezulu wokubonelela kunye nokubaluleka kwezoqoqosho, zivule iindawo zophando kwiimagnethi ezingapheliyo ezingenamhlaba ezinqabileyo. Olunye ulwalathiso lophando olunokubakho kukujonga emva kwezona magnethi ziphuhliswayo zisisigxina, iimagnethi zeferrite, kwaye uzifunde ngakumbi usebenzisa zonke izixhobo ezitsha kunye neendlela ezikhoyo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Imibutho emininzi ngoku isebenza kwiiprojekthi zophando ezintsha ezinethemba lokubuyisela iimagnethi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye neendlela eziluhlaza, ezisebenzayo ngakumbi.